Relative pronouns The most common relative pronouns are: – who (subject), whom (object): to refer to people; – which: to refer to things; – that: to refer to either people […]

Obligation and advice: should and ought to, be supposed to We use ought to and should to talk about obligations and duties in the future, present and past, or to […]

Certainty (deduction) We use must to say that we are sure about something in the present or past – You must be pleased with your exam results. (present) – He […]

Present perfect simple We use the present perfect simple: To talk about states, single or repeated actions over a long period of time up to the present (often with ever/never, […]

Present Simple We use the present simple: For routine or regular repeated actions (often with adverbs of frequency like always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every Saturday morning, twice every week). […]